Common Cold

The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract – the nose and throat. It is usually harmless and symptoms include coughing, sore throat, watery eyes, congestion, runny nose, sneezing and fever which usually resolve in about seven to ten days, with some symptoms lasting up to three weeks. Symptoms are mostly due to the body’s immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves.

Symptoms of a common cold usually appear about one to three days after exposure to a cold causing virus, the discharge from your nose may become thicker and yellow or green in colour as a common cold runs its course. What makes a cold different from other viral infections is that you generally won’t have a high fever. You are also unlikely to experience significant fatigue from a common cold.

The common cold is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or fomities (contaminated objects). However hand –to-hand and hand-to-surface-to-hand contact seems of more importance than transmission via aerosols.

Transmission is common in daycare and at school due to proximity of many children with little immunity and frequently poor hygiene; these infections are then brought home to other members of the family.

There is no evidence that re-circulated air during commercial flight is a method of transmission, however people sitting in proximity appear at greater risk.

WHEN TO SEE A DOCTOR

For adults – seek medical attention if you have;

-          Fever of 39.4⁰C or higher

-          Fever accompanied by sweating, chills and a cough with coloured phlegm

-          Significantly swollen glands

-          Severe sinus pain

For children – in general children are sicker with a common cold than adults are and often develop complication such as ear infections. You should seek medical attention for children if they have;

-          Fever of 38⁰C in newborns up to 12 weeks

-          Fever that rises repeatedly above 40⁰C in a child of any age

-          Signs of dehydration, such as urinating less often than usual

-          Not drinking adequate fluids

-          Fever that lasts more than 24 hours in children younger than 2

-          Fever that lasts more than three days in a child older than 2

-          Vomiting or abdominal pain

-          Unusual sleepiness

-          Severe headache

-          Stiff neck

-          Difficulty breathing

-          Persistent crying

-          Ear pain

-          Persistent cough

Factors that can increase your chances of getting a cold:

·      Age: Infants and preschool children are especially susceptible to common colds because they haven’t yet developed resistance to most of the viruses that cause common cold.

·         Immunity: An immature immune system can also affect your resistance to many of the viruses that cause common cold. You will have colds less frequently than you did as a child.

·       Time of the year: There is a traditional folk theory that a cold can be “caught” by prolonged exposure to cold weather such as rain or winter conditions, which is how the disease got its name. While colds are caused by viruses and not cold temperatures, there is some controversy over the role of body cooling as a risk factor for the common cold: the majority of the evidence suggests that it may result in greater susceptibility to infection. This may occur due to cold induced changes in the respiratory system, decreased immune response and low humidity increasing viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay longer. Additionally some viruses that cause the common colds are seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold or wet weather. It may also be due to people spending more time indoors near an infected person, specifically children at school.

·         Others include; insufficient sleep and malnutrition, this is believed to be due to their effects on immune function.

Complications of common cold

·         Acute ear infection (Otitis media)

·         Wheezing

·         Sinusitis

·         Other secondary infections include; Sore throat (streptococcal pharyngitis), pneumonia and croup or bronchiolitis in children.

Prevention

The only possible useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical measures such as hand washing and face masks, in the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves.

Regular hand washing appears to be effective in reducing the transmission of cold viruses especially among children.

Zinc supplements may help to reduce the prevalence of colds

Routine Vitamin C may reduce its duration

Management

Treatment comprises symptomatic relief, getting plenty of rest, drinking fluids to maintain hydration and gargling with warm salt water.

BREAKFAST

Breakfast is the first meal taken after rising from a night’s sleep, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day’s work. Among English speakers, “breakfast” can be used to refer to this meal or to refer to a meal composed of traditional breakfast foods (such as eggs, oatmeal and sausage) served at any time of day. The word literally refers to breaking the fasting period of the prior night.
Breakfast foods vary widely from place to place, but often include a carbohydrate such as grains or cereals, fruit and/or vegetables, a protein food such as eggs, meat or fish, and a beverage such as tea, coffee, milk or fruit juice. Coffee, milk, tea, juice, breakfast cereals, pancakes, sausages, French toast, bacon,  sweet breads, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, mushrooms, baked beans, muffins, crumpets and toast with butter or margarine and/or jam or marmalade are common examples of breakfast foods, though a large range of preparations and ingredients are associated with breakfast globally
Some nutritional experts have long referred to breakfast as the most important meal of the day, citing studies that find that people who skip breakfast are disproportionately likely to have problems with concentration, metabolism, weight, and cardiac health. A nutritionist, Monica Reinagel has argued the metabolic benefits have been exaggerated, noting the improvement in cognition has been found among children, but is much less significant among adults. Reinagel also explains that the link between skipping breakfast and increased weight is likely behavioral—compensating with snacks and/or eating more later—and therefore not inevitable.
Kids Need Their Morning Meal
While adults need to eat breakfast each day to perform their best, kids need it even more. Their growing bodies and developing brains rely heavily on the regular intake of food. When kids skip breakfast, they can end up going for long periods of time without food and this period of semi starvation can create a lot of physical, intellectual, and behavioral problems for them.
A Good Investment
If you and your kids regularly skip breakfast in the interest of saving time, calories, or getting a few more minutes of sleep, remember that eating a wholesome, nutritious morning meal will probably save you time in the long run. By recharging the brain and body, you’ll be more efficient in just about everything you do. Interestingly, studies show that kids who skip breakfast are tardy and absent from school more often than children who eat breakfast on a regular basis. Preparing a good breakfast can be as quick and easy as splashing some milk over cereal. Time invested in breakfast is much more valuable than the few extra minutes of sleep you might get by bypassing the morning meal. If you and your kids seem unable to make time for breakfast, consider enrolling your children in a school breakfast program, if possible, or pack a breakfast brown-bag or smoothie the night before that can be eaten on the way to school and work.
Break the Fast to Shed the Pounds
Some people skip breakfast in an effort to lose weight, but the practice is more likely to cause weight gain than weight loss. Skipping breakfast is strongly linked to the development of obesity. Studies show that overweight and obese children, adolescents, and adults are less likely to break the fast each morning than their thinner counterparts.
According to research, skipping meals, especially breakfast, can actually make weight control more difficult. Breakfast skippers tend to eat more food than usual at the next meal or nibble on high-calorie snacks to stave off hunger. Several studies suggest that people tend to accumulate more body fat when they eat fewer, larger meals than when they eat the same number of calories in smaller, more frequent meals. To teens, especially teenage girls, skipping breakfast may seem like a perfectly logical way to cut down on calories and lose weight. It’s important for moms to educate their kids about the importance of the morning meal and the role it plays in maintaining good health and preventing obesity.

why you should drink herbal teas

Tea is a name given to a lot of brews, but purists consider only Green tea, Black tea, White tea, Oolong tea, and Pu-erh tea the real thing. They are all derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, a shrub native to China and India, and contain unique antioxidants called flavonoids. The most potent of these, known as ECGC (Epigallocatechin gallate), may help against free radicals that can contribute to cancer, heart disease, and clogged arteries.
All these teas also have caffeine and theanine, which affect the brain and seem to heighten mental alertness.
The more processed the tea leaves, usually the less polyphenol content. Polyphenols include flavonoids. Oolong and black teas are oxidized or fermented, so they have lower concentrations of polyphenols than green tea; but their antioxidizing power is still high.
Studies have shown that the potential health benefits of tea:
• Green tea: Made with steamed tea leaves, it has a high concentration of EGCG and has been widely studied. Green tea’s antioxidants may interfere with the growth of bladder, breast, lung, stomach, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers; prevent clogging of the arteries, burn fat, counteract oxidative stress on the brain, reduce risk of neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, reduce risk of stroke, and improve cholesterol levels.
• Black tea: Made with fermented tea leaves, black tea has the highest caffeine content and forms the basis for flavored teas like chai, along with some instant teas. Studies have shown that black tea may protect lungs from damage caused by exposure to cigarette smoke. It also may reduce the risk of stroke.
• White tea: Uncured and unfermented. One study showed that white tea has the most potent anticancer properties compared to more processed teas.
• Oolong tea: In an animal study, those given antioxidants from oolong tea were found to have lower bad cholesterol levels. One variety of oolong, Wuyi, is heavily marketed as a weight loss supplement, but science hasn’t backed the claims.
• Pu-erh tea: Made from fermented and aged leaves. Considered a black tea, its leaves are pressed into cakes. One animal study showed that animals given pu-erh had less weight gain and reduced LDL cholesterol
HERBAL TEA looks like tea and is brewed in the same way as tea, but it is not actually a tea at all. This is because they do not come from the Camellia Sinensis bush, the plant from which all teas are made. Herbal teas are actually infusions, and are properly called tisanes. Tisanes are made from mixtures of dried leaves, seeds, grasses, nuts, barks, fruits, flowers, or other botanical elements that give them their taste and provide the benefits of herbal teas.
Unlike other forms of tea, herbal teas contain no caffeine. They also taste great and are easy to drink. Your herbal tea may consist of one main herbal ingredient or it may be a blend of herbal ingredients, designed to bring about a specific purpose, such as relaxation, rejuvenation, relief from a specific condition, amongst other things.
The Benefits of Drinking Herbal Teas
Herbal teas have long been known to have medicinal benefits as well as being tasty to drink! Some favorite teas are chamomile tea, jasmine tea and ginger tea. Each of these has a distinctive taste as well as health benefit.
Chamomile tea is a favorite herbal tea that many use if they have trouble sleeping. It has natural sedative, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties so is also good for cramps. Due to its calming benefits it is often used to help relieve anxiety. It is rich in essential oil and can help the digestive system function properly. Chamomile is also very good for your skin and you can wet a cloth in the tea and use it as a skin cleanser or compress.
Jasmine tea is a combination of green tea leaves and jasmine flowers. It has a lovely jasmine scent and flavor with all the wonderful antioxidant properties of the green tea. Jasmine tea has long been used for its relaxing and warming qualities and is also soothing to the digestive system. This tea also may help lower cholesterol according to recent studies and may even help with longevity.
Ginger tea has powerful medicinal properties. It is reputed to be an aphrodisiac and can help freshen your breath! It has anti fungal and anti spasmodic properties and can help sooth stomach upset by neutralizing acids and aiding digestion. Ginger is also reputed to help relieve nausea, motion sickness, dizziness, flatulence and even help to ease muscle pain.
There are many different herbs that can be found in a herbal tea, each with a different use. Some common ones include:
• Allspice – helps to soothe the common cold and relieves upset stomachs
• Anise seed – aids digestion and freshens the breath. It can also soothe a cough and improve bronchitis.
• Chrysanthemum – is sweet-tasting and is able to reduce body heat resulting from fever. It also helps protect against liver damage and neutralizes toxins.
• Cinnamon – is calming and helps to support healthy circulation and digestion.
• Ginseng – stimulates vitality and helps the body stay healthy.
• Ginger root – is excellent for improving circulation, and is one of the best herbs for improving digestion, nausea, lung congestion, and arthritis.
• Hawthorne – strengthens the heart and increases blood flow.
• Lemongrass – is frequently used due to its calming properties.
• Parsley – is a diuretic and helps with kidney function.
• Pau d’arco – has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, yeasts (including Candida albicans), viruses (including herpes simplex types I and II, influenza virus, poliovirus and retroviruses) and parasites.
• Peppermint – is good for stress relief. It also helps with stomachs and digestive issues and helps to freshen the breath.
• Red Clover – use as a medicine for menopausal symptoms, cancer, mastitis, joint disorders, asthma, bronchitis, psoriasis and eczema. It is not recommended for children, pregnant or breastfeeding women.
• Rose hips – are a natural source of vitamin C and bioflavonoids. They are a liver, kidney, and blood tonic, and are a good remedy for fatigue, colds, and cough.
• Sarsaparilla – promotes energy and healthy skin.
• Slippery elm – helps to relieve stomach cramps and other gastrointestinal problems.
To properly make herbal tea, use 1 tea bag per person or, if you are making it from the dried herbs, use 1 teaspoon of the herb. Add boiling water to the herb mixture and let sit for 5 minutes. Don’t let it sit for too long or it will start to taste bitter. Don’t drink it too soon or the herb won’t have imparted it’s flavor into the water enough. Typically herbal teas are taken “black” but you could add a little milk or some sugar or honey to taste if you like.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Antioxidants are found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. They are also available as dietary supplements. Examples of antioxidants include
• Beta-carotene
• Lutein
• Lycopene
• Selenium
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
Antioxidants are widely used in dietary supplements and have been investigated for the prevention of diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and even altitude sickness. Antioxidants also have many industrial uses, such as preservatives in food and cosmetics and to prevent the degradation of rubber and gasoline.
People who eat fruits and vegetables have a lower risk of heart disease and some neurological diseases and there is evidence that some types of vegetables, and fruits in general, may lower risk against some cancers. Since fruits and vegetables happen to be good sources of nutrients and phytochemicals, this suggested that antioxidant compounds might lower risk against several diseases.
Fruits, especially berries, are full of antioxidants essential for good health

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